Seed Germination

The time that a seed germinates, and whether or not it actually does germinate, depends on many factors. These factors include; the chemical environment, which must be the right conditions; oxygen must be present, and inhibitory chemicals must not be present. Germination also depends on the physical environment. Temperatures must be suited to the seed, and light quality and quantity must also be suited to the needs of the seed. In some cases, all these conditions are met, and still, the seed fails to germinate. This is because the seed is said to be dormant (Bewley and Black 1985). Seed dormancy is a short-lived deficiency, or block of an able seed to complete germination under suitable conditions. There are two different types of dormancy, embryo, and coat dormancy (Kucera et al.2005). Embryo dormancy is mostly common in woody species, but can also be found in blossoming plants as well. Coat dormancy is when the tissues that enclose the seed are too tight and the seed cannot overcome the constraint. Seeds can be released from dormancy through being chilled, sometimes for several weeks, or sometimes even months, at temperatures of one to five degrees Celsius. This means that seeds that rely on such ways of dormancy must wait for the cold seasons to pass before they can germinate (Bewley and Black 1985). Many seeds can germinate with, or without light, but the plants that require light, are called photoblastic, and are controlled by the phytochrome (Kendrick and Russell 1975). Phytochrome has two descriptions, the first one, Phytochrome red (Pr), is transformed by red light, to the second form, phytochrome far red (Pfr). Far red radiation can reverse the whole process. Phytochrome far red absorbs far red light (730nm), and phytochrome red absorbs red light (660nm) (Toyomasu et al. 1997). Seeds that are grown in darkness don’t germinate unless they are exposed to red light for a short period of time. For a red light to be effective, water content in the seed must be at 15%, because dry seeds do not respond to red light. In lettuce seeds that are matured naturally, phytochrome is most commonly in the form of phytochrome red, and in the dehydrated form, the conversion to phytochrome for red light is not possible (Kendrick and Russell 1975). Lettuce is an important vegetable cultivated worldwide, and requires high quality seeds. Lettuce seeds are unable to germinate in the dark, and are unable to germinate at high temperatures. These characteristics affect the rates that new seeds are developed (Metzger et al. 2009). Light is a very important factor in releasing seeds from dormancy. Seeds can be affected by being exposed to white light from just a few seconds, to or even minutes, others require intermittent light. The light frequency that is required depends on the temperature. Lettuce seeds that are bought in stores are usually treated to improve the germination process, even when lots of light is unavailable. Although, light sensitive leaves need a lot higher levels of phytochrome far red light to bring the seed out of dormancy (Kendrick and Russell 1975). Using all the information I have gathered, I hypothesised that the red light and white light would cause a greater percentage of germination than the other lights, because they produced more far red light. Methods The lettuce seeds that we used (Lactuca sativa L.cv Tango), were dried and stored at 22oC until we used them. We used gibberellin acid (GA3) of ≠¥ 90% purity, at the following concentrations; 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6. The red light source we used was gathered by filtering white light that came from a twenty-five watt fluorescent bulb, through two layers of dark red cellophane paper. We got the far red light by a forty watt incandescent bulb. The light was then filtered through a container containing 10cm of water, which was placed above the two layers or red and blue cellophane. The white light we obtained was taken from a sixty watt light bulb. Twenty to thirty-five lettuce seeds were placed on two layers of whatman No. 1 filter paper, and all seeds were equally controlled in a room with a green light bulb. In each dish, 5ml of distilled water was added, along with 5ml of its appropriate GA3 solution. The dishes were wrapped in one layer of tin foil, and put in a darkened box. A control was also prepared. The seeds were added to a dish with distilled water. All the experiments were conducted at the same temperature, 24oC. When everything was ready, to figure out how many seeds were germinating, we counted how many seeds in each petri dish had a white radical coming out if it. When we were done, we recorded our results, and pooled them with the rest of the class (Migabo 2011). Seed Germination The time that a seed germinates, and whether or not it actually does germinate, depends on many factors. These factors include; the chemical environment, which must be the right conditions; oxygen must be present, and inhibitory chemicals must not be present. Germination also depends on the physical environment. Temperatures must be suited to the seed, and light quality and quantity must also be suited to the needs of the seed. In some cases, all these conditions are met, and still, the seed fails to germinate. This is because the seed is said to be dormant (Bewley and Black 1985). Seed dormancy is a short-lived deficiency, or block of an able seed to complete germination under suitable conditions. There are two different types of dormancy, embryo, and coat dormancy (Kucera et al.2005). Embryo dormancy is mostly common in woody species, but can also be found in blossoming plants as well. Coat dormancy is when the tissues that enclose the seed are too tight and the seed cannot overcome the constraint. Seeds can be released from dormancy through being chilled, sometimes for several weeks, or sometimes even months, at temperatures of one to five degrees Celsius. This means that seeds that rely on such ways of dormancy must wait for the cold seasons to pass before they can germinate (Bewley and Black 1985). Many seeds can germinate with, or without light, but the plants that require light, are called photoblastic, and are controlled by the phytochrome (Kendrick and Russell 1975). Phytochrome has two descriptions, the first one, Phytochrome red (Pr), is transformed by red light, to the second form, phytochrome far red (Pfr). Far red radiation can reverse the whole process. Phytochrome far red absorbs far red light (730nm), and phytochrome red absorbs red light (660nm) (Toyomasu et al. 1997). Seeds that are grown in darkness don’t germinate unless they are exposed to red light for a short period of time. For a red light to be effective, water content in the seed must be at 15%, because dry seeds do not respond to red light. In lettuce seeds that are matured naturally, phytochrome is most commonly in the form of phytochrome red, and in the dehydrated form, the conversion to phytochrome for red light is not possible (Kendrick and Russell 1975). Lettuce is an important vegetable cultivated worldwide, and requires high quality seeds. Lettuce seeds are unable to germinate in the dark, and are unable to germinate at high temperatures. These characteristics affect the rates that new seeds are developed (Metzger et al. 2009). Light is a very important factor in releasing seeds from dormancy. Seeds can be affected by being exposed to white light from just a few seconds, to or even minutes, others require intermittent light. The light frequency that is required depends on the temperature. Lettuce seeds that are bought in stores are usually treated to improve the germination process, even when lots of light is unavailable. Although, light sensitive leaves need a lot higher levels of phytochrome far red light to bring the seed out of dormancy (Kendrick and Russell 1975). Using all the information I have gathered, I hypothesised that the red light and white light would cause a greater percentage of germination than the other lights, because they produced more far red light. Methods The lettuce seeds that we used (Lactuca sativa L.cv Tango), were dried and stored at 22oC until we used them. We used gibberellin acid (GA3) of ≠¥ 90% purity, at the following concentrations; 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6. The red light source we used was gathered by filtering white light that came from a twenty-five watt fluorescent bulb, through two layers of dark red cellophane paper. We got the far red light by a forty watt incandescent bulb. The light was then filtered through a container containing 10cm of water, which was placed above the two layers or red and blue cellophane. The white light we obtained was taken from a sixty watt light bulb. Twenty to thirty-five lettuce seeds were placed on two layers of whatman No. 1 filter paper, and all seeds were equally controlled in a room with a green light bulb. In each dish, 5ml of distilled water was added, along with 5ml of its appropriate GA3 solution. The dishes were wrapped in one layer of tin foil, and put in a darkened box. A control was also prepared. The seeds were added to a dish with distilled water. All the experiments were conducted at the same temperature, 24oC. When everything was ready, to figure out how many seeds were germinating, we counted how many seeds in each petri dish had a white radical coming out if it. When we were done, we recorded our results, and pooled them with the rest of the class (Migabo 2011).

History of Chocolate Essay

The first recorded evidence of chocolate as a food product goes back to Pre-Columbian Mexico. The Mayans and Aztecs were known to make a drink called â€Å"Xocoatll from the beans of the cocoa tree. In 1528, the conquering Spaniards returned to Spain with chocolate still consumed as a beverage. A similar chocolate drink was brought to a royal wedding in France in 1615, and England welcomed chocolate in 1662. To this point â€Å"chocolate† as we spell it today, had been spelled variously as â€Å"chocalatall, â€Å"jocolatte†, â€Å"jacolatte†, and â€Å"chockelet. 11. In 1847, Fry & Sons in England introduced the first â€Å"eating chocolate,† but did not attract much attention due to its bitter taste. In 1874, Daniel Peter, a famed Swiss chocolateer, experimented with various mixtures in an effort to balance chocolates rough flavor, and eventually stumbled upon that abundant product — milk. This changed everything and chocolate’s acceptance after that was quick and enthusiastic. GROWING COCOA BEANS Cocoa beans are usually grown on small plantations in suitable land areas 20 degrees north or south of the Equator. One mature cocoa tree can be expected to yield about five pounds of chocolate per year. These are planted in the shade of larger trees such as bananas or mangos, about 1000 trees per hectare (2,471 acres). Cocoa trees take five to eight years to mature. After harvesting from the trees, the pods (which contain the cocoa beans) are split open, beans removed, and the beans are put on trays covered with burlap for about a week until they brown. Then they are sun dried until the moisture content is below 7%. This normally takes another three days. After cleaning, the beans are weighed, selected and blended before roasting at 250 degrees Fahrenheit for two hours. Then shells are removed leaving the â€Å"nib. † Nibs are crushed to create a chocolate â€Å"mass. † This is the base raw material from which all chocolate products are made. KINDS OF CHOCOLATE Milk Chocolate This consists of at least 10% chocolate liquor (â€Å"raw† chocolate pressed from carob nibs) and 12% milk solids combined with sugar, cocoa butter (fat from nibs), and vanilla. Sweet and Semi-Sweet Chocolate Are made from 15-35% chocolate liquor, plus sugar, cocoa butter, and vanilla. Imprecision of the two terms causes them to commonly be called â€Å"dark† or â€Å"plain† chocolate. Dark chocolate has a large following among dessert makers, and for this reason is referred to as â€Å"baking† chocolate. Bittersweet and Bitter Chocolate Bittersweet usually contains 50% chocolate liguor and has a distinct â€Å"bite† to the taste. Bitter or unsweetened chocolate liquor also is used in baking and is also referred to as â€Å"bakers† chocolate. Creams and Variations Bite sized and chocolate covered. They are filled with caramels, nuts, creams, jellies, and so forth. White Chocolate Is not really chocolate as it contains no chocolate liquor, Carob This is a brown powder made from the pulverized fruit of a Mediterranean evergreen. It is used by some as a substitute for chocolate because it can be combined with vegetable fat and sugar, and made to approximately the color and consistency of chocolate. HOW CHOCOLATES ARE MADE chocolate pouring There are four basic methods of coating chocolate onto something such as caramel or a nut. They are: Enrobing Least expensive method. Centers are carried by conveyer through a machine that showers them with chocolate. Panning Chocolate is sprayed on the centers as they rotate in revolving pans, then cool air is blown in pan to harden the chocolates. Dipping Generally done by hand by small scale producers. Shell Moldinq Most sophisticated method. Used for most sculptural chocolates. The process consists of many intricate steps, thus causing it to be more expensive than other methods. (Source: Chocolate: The Consuming Passion by Sandra Boynton. Workman Publishing: New York, 1982).

A Interview On My Sales Manager Interview - 1766 Words

I structured this paper by giving you the insight about all the question I asked and the responses I received, ending it off with the list of facts I learned and knowledge I gained throughout the interview. For my sales manager interview I was fortunate enough to interview Chad Keaton, a wealth management advisor and a managing director of Northwestern Mutual. Mr. Keaton graduated from East Tennessee State University in 1989 with Bachelor of Business Administration in Marketing. Moreover, he joined Northwestern Mutual in 1993 and now it has been almost 20+ years since he has been in sales and sales force management with Northwestern Mutual here in Knoxville, TN. Founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Northwestern Mutual, as a middle west based company, started up with the earliest life insurance services in 1857. Even though, Northwestern Mutual has always been prominent for its life insurance products, the innovation and diversity in various financial services of business are undeniably more attractive. Risk management, wealth accumulation, wealth preservation and distribution are some of the major needs that Northwestern Mutual offers to the public with many specializations. The Northweste rn Mutual Financial Network offers a personalized approach to uncovering financial solutions tailored to each client s individual needs. Financial representatives within the Northwestern Mutual Network provide expert guidance and innovative solutions to help meet a client s financialShow MoreRelatedExploring Different Career Options With Wells Fargo Other Than Management Roles1439 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement role was an unrealistic goal. I started networking and followed the capstone project guidelines. 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The company works with companies across all industries and sizes in the Greater Philadelphia area, including South/Central Jersey and Delaware. Specialties include staffing for call centers, office support roles, inside sales and administrative positions. With the most extensive hiring process in the industry, Pathfinders established the company as the premier staffing agency in the area. The organization has many services available to name a few facilitate online andRead MoreMy Opinion On The Philosophy Of Management1325 Words   |  6 PagesTo better understand how management can be applied in real life, I interviewed Ms. Nga Pham, who is a sales manager of a real estate company called NAMHOUSE. I met her in a summer course and became greatly impressed with her viewpoint of management. Although Nga does not have formal education and certificate in real estate, she is an expert in this field through multiple experiences and self-training. Her daily tasks often include coaching or instructing her subordinates and team members, delegating

Creating A Sustainable Terrestrial Ecosystem Within A...

Mesocosm Lab Exploration Research Question: With the plants chosen, is it possible to create a sustainable terrestrial ecosystem within a sealed glass jar? Background Information The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with how an ecosystem works, and discover the most sustainable kind of ecosystem. Based on knowing how an ecosystem works, predictions have been made that state if a terrestrial mesocosm is sealed for four weeks with plants inside, it can continue to live and thrive sealed from the outside environment because the plants will gain their moisture from the humidity left in the sealed jar. The plants will use photosynthesis and carbon dioxide in order to transform the carbon dioxide into oxygen and water. A mesocosm is any outdoors experimental system that examines the natural environment that is brought under controlled conditions. It is used to model a larger ecosystem. (Oxford Journals) Mesocosms help scientists as they allow a more accurate prediction of previously unpredictable events. (What is a Mesocosm) Mesocosms give scientists the opportunity to investigate the reaction of organisms to environmental change and have been used in experimental ecology since the early 20th century. They have been used for almost over a 100 years, but just recently became significant as a way of investigating certain ecological ideas. Mesocosms became more significant due to the study of climate change, since the late 90s. Through mesocosms, scientists are

The Enactment Of Arizona Immigration Laws - 1241 Words

A.Thesis statement: The enactment of Arizona immigration laws is the result of long-standing structural racism effects, and the practice of these laws leads to unconstitutional racial profiling concerns that target the Latino community on the basis of ethnicity. B. Description of paper / argument: a. In this paper, I will first discuss the historical development of structural racism in Arizona. b. Second, I will examine and analyze Arizona’s current immigration policies. c. Finally, I will discuss unconstitutional practices that have originated from the criminalization of the immigration legislations toward the Latino community. d. I will argue that the current immigration system in Arizona results in a continual perpetuation of structural racism affecting the daily lives of its Latino communities. e. Recommendations to be constructed†¦ BACKGROUND †¢ The Historical Emergence of Structural Racism in Arizona Several historical legislations have contributed to the intensification of structural racism in Arizona towards Latino immigrants that has been carried along to modern days. Most of them originated from past disputes over illegal immigration, which for the most part entail perceptions of illegal immigrants as â€Å"criminal aliens†. 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Business Strategy Toyota

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Strategy forToyota. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the application of Strategic Change management taking place in Toyota Motor Corporation. Over the year the company has undergone significant changes in order to become one of the finest auto-maker. It is known across the world as a leading example for achieving long-term sustainable growth. The primary focus of the company is to attain a sustainable growth by becoming a good corporate citizen. They are constantly developing strategies in acquiring trust and respect internationally (Todnem By, 2005). Companys Overview They have adopted an effective business environment by focusing on the long term strategies. The company has implemented the Toyota way strategy in the year 2001. The company was found in 1937. This strategy has helped them in embracing sustainable changes. They understand the importance of implementing changes as per the business environment. It is evident for the business organization is to develop policies by focusing on the internal as well as external environment (Toyota Global. 2017). As a business organization they have developed problem solving strategies. These strategies have helped Toyota in attaining sustainable targets on a long run. They are however focused their key strategies by developing employees. This has helped the organization in attaining productivity (Anderson and Anderson, 2010). Employees training and development is important aspect for the growth of the organization. In order to achieve a sustainable growth it is evident that the organization needs to recog nize the root solving attitude which will help in attaining desired goals. Toyota has developed a coherent strategy that has helped the company in attaining the sustainable objectives (Cameron and Green, 2015). The Toyota Motor Corporation has proactively designed strategies in order to attain consensus. It is important that the business organization need to implement changes as per the changing environment. The Toyota Corporation has expanded itself throughout the world. In such a difficult situation it is important for a business organization to develop policies with the changing environment. Toyota has a vision of becoming the global leader by 2020 for that it has developed various principles. It has drafted all the coherent policies in its memorandum that has helped the company in attaining desirable growth. In order to become a global leader it is essential that the brand need to excessively implement policies that are important in the current business scenario. It has developed the long term sustainable goals by considering the various aspects. Likewise Toyota needs to develop policies in order to become the world leader. It is difficult for an individual to implement changes in an organization. It is necessary to develop policies in a way that the corporation is able to incorporate changes in order to manage changes (Weiner, 2009). The report establishes a relationship in between the changes that are necessary for implementing effective changes. It is essential to recognize the issue and to implement the strategic changes in order to attain desirable objectives. It is essential to identify the stakeholder interest in order to draw inference in order to understand the benefit related to the organization. The report inculcates important strategies that are necessary to be implemented in order to attain sustainable objectives. Improvements can only be achieved if the organization is considering changes in an effective manner (Weiner, 2009). Model in Change Management The Toyota needs to explore the change management practice that will help in managing the changes in an effective manner. The Kurt Lewin model of change management is effectively use by the organizations across the globe that is necessary for utilizing the effective change in the organization. Toyota needs to improve the employee engagement policies in order to attain desired result. The change management is important for an organization to adopt desirable goals. The transition model is important for an organization in order to attain inspirational result. Employee engagement and recruitment is important for developing effective policies. Training and development of employees is important for an organization in order to attain goals (Turner, 2014). Kurt Lewin change management model He has introduced the change management theory which states: Unfreeze: firstly the organization it is important that Toyota need to implement effective change management theory by the organization. The policies that is important for organization is important to implement changes. Thus it is important for the Toyota to develop effective policies in order to attain a significant market share. It is necessary for an organization to develop policies according to the structure that is important to be implemented (Hayes, 2014). Change: the change need to be implemented in a strategic manner. It is necessary that the changes need to be initiated in a systematic manner. The changes related to effective human resource recruitment and engagement as per individual capacity need to be taken wisely. Changes are supposed to be implemented in a systematic manner. Proper training and development of employees is necessary in an organization in order to achieve systematic results. The change process is difficult for an organization in order to attain systematized result (Thompson and Martin, 2010). Freeze: the organization takes time to incorporate changes in the routine. For the purpose it is evident that the organization needs to develop policies in a way that it is able to utilize full efficiency. Changes when introduced in a systematic manner in order to attain efficiency. This is necessary for Toyota to incorporate changes in such a manner so that the goals can be attained. It takes time for an individual to incorporate changes in regular life. For the purpose of achieving sustainable targets Toyota need to incorporate effective employees engagement policies. Employees training and development is important aspect for the growth of the organization (Kaminski, 2011). Change Through the Learning of Organization (By Peter Senge 1992) There are five core competencies as described in the model that involves creative learning. It is necessary that the organization focus on developing shared vision. This will help the organization in attaining desired goals within a stipulated time frame. Personal mastery at work is evident for an individual in order to attain desired goals. Toyota need to work on group motivation and should overcome the challenges by focusing on the individual strength. One should understand the purpose of working together in order to attain desired goals (Levasseur, 2001). It is evident that team work is important for an organization in order to develop desired results. It is necessary to gather together and work as a team to attain the goal. It is necessary to understand individual behavior to work in an effective manner (Carter, 2008). The system need to focus on developing relationship among the team members. It is evident that the relationship among the employees in order to attain pre-determined results. It is necessary to distribute responsibilities in a manner they are evident for an individual (Ford, Ford and D'Amelio, 2008). McKinsey 7S Model (Robert Waterman, Tom Peters - 1980) The model focuses son developing strategy for the organization in order to attain sustainable objectives. It is evident that it is essential to focus upon the different strategy in order to imply changes. The purpose of the model is to understand the changes taking place in an organization. It is evident that the organization needs to follow an effective policies and procedures in order to organize a change in an organization. McKinsey 7S Model includes focus on 7S in an organization. This helps in establishing effective: Levasseur, R.E., 2001 Strategy: it is evident for a multinational organization to develop strategies in a manner that it helps in attain desirable objectives. Changes need to be implemented in a systematic manner. It is necessary that an organization like Toyota needs to develop strategies. The change management strategies need to be attained by implementing strategies wisely(Bilton, 2007) Structure: all the decision related to the organizational change take place through a proper structure. It is recommended that the organization need to follow a proper structure in order to attain desired objectives. Toyota needs to follow futuristic policies by putting extra efforts on its structure. Systems: the system is the procedure that is required to be followed in order to attain desirable objectives. It is important that the business organization need to implement changes as per the changing environment. The Toyota Corporation has expanded itself throughout the world. This is evident that the organization needs to adopt the policies under the capacity which helps in systematic implementation of goals (Pinder, 2014). Shared value: The organization need to develop a structure that focus on sharing organizational culture and value. The value system and mechanisms important for an organization to understand the role of an individual in attaining desired results. The shared value is the mechanism that is followed in an organization in order to implement the policies effectively (DuBrin, 2013). Skill: It is necessary that the skills need to be imbibed in a manner that helps in understanding the desirable objectives. The employees need to be trained in a manner that helps the organization in attaining high level of efficacy. . The transition model is important for an organization in order to attain inspirational result. Employee engagement and recruitment is important for developing effective policies. Training and development is efficient in an organization in order to attain long-term objectives. Style: The style is important for an organization in order to attain desirable form of objectives in order to emphasize on systematic manner. It is necessary that the organization has to develop effective policies that need to be developed in a manner that are efficient that has long term sustainability. In order to become a global leader it is essential that the brand need to excessively implement policies that are important in the current business scenario (Ford, Ford. and D'Amelio, 2008). Staff: It is necessary that the staff need to be trained in a manner that help in attaining desirable objectives. The staff needs to be given training manner in a manner that helps in achieving desired objectives. The Mc Kinsey model focuses on developing policies in such a manner that help Toyota in understanding desirable objectives. Training and development of employees is important in order to attain efficiency in an organization (Jones, 2010). Corporate Governance It is evident for an organization to follow effective corporate governance policies in order to attain desirable objectives. The company has to follow the compliance in order to set a corporate goal. In order to achieve recognition Toyota need to develop objectives that focus on attaining compliance objectives. The purpose of the company is to meet the future requirements. This is evident that the organization has to develop policies in accordance with the desirable objectives. It is necessary that the management should have complied with the effective changes occurring in the surrounding. Conclusion To conclude it is evident that the organization needs to develop policies in such a manner that changes are effective. Toyota needs to develop effective change management theory that helps in attaining sustainable objectives. In order to implement changes effectively changes need to be incorporated in a manner that helps in attaining desired objectives. The report is based on the process of change management in Toyota. As a business organization they have developed problem solving strategies. These strategies has helped Toyota in attaining sustainable targets on a long run, they are however focused their key strategies by developing employees. It is necessary that the organization need to develop policies in an effective manner so that the objectives can be attained. The report describes various change management theories in context of Toyota. This has helped in attaining a better understanding in order to attain desirable results. Changes are important for an organization in order t o survive in the dynamic environment. In the dynamic environment it is important for an individual top develop policies in a way it help in achieving sustainable objectives. References Anderson, D. and Anderson, L.A., 2010.Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley Sons. Bilton, C., 2007.Management and creativity: From creative industries to creative management. Blackwell Publishing. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, E., 2008. Successful change requires more than change management.The Journal for Quality and participation,31(1), p.20. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Ford, J.D., Ford, L.W. and D'Amelio, A., 2008. Resistance to change: The rest of the story.Academy of management Review,33(2), pp.362-377. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, G.R., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. Kaminski, J., 2011. Theory applied to informatics-Lewins change theory.Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics,6(1). Levasseur, R.E., 2001. People skills: Change management toolsLewin's change model.Interfaces,31(4), pp.71-73. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Thompson, J.L. and Martin, F., 2010.Strategic management: awareness change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Todnem By, R., 2005. Organisational change management: A critical review.Journal of change management,5(4), pp.369-380. Toyota Global. 2017. ONLINE. Available at: https://www.toyota-global.com/ Accessed on: 23 April 2017 Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Weiner, B.J., 2009. A theory of organizational readiness for change.Implementation science,4(1), p.67.

Stalking Online An Invasion of Privacy Essay Example

Stalking Online: An Invasion of Privacy Essay Stalking Online: An Invasion of Privacy BY ABACAS Stalking Online A Invasion of Privacy Privacy laws are applicable to everyone. Report Prepared for Assessment Legal Studies 2013 Introduction Australian Privacy Laws have been challenged to include the changing use of the internet that has seen a huge insurgence in the use of social media that facilitates a form of a stalking for users who are in reality advanced users of the internet with capabilities above the normal person knowledge in using the internet to Stalk or to Cyber Bully their victims causing sincere harm to a percentage of our community. We will write a custom essay sample on Stalking Online: An Invasion of Privacy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stalking Online: An Invasion of Privacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stalking Online: An Invasion of Privacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This report will show the many reasons we have to research, identify and change the way we deal with Stalking and Cyber Stalking and the increasing use of online scams that invade our privacy as well as the privacy of our children. Our research will ultimately allow us to lobby for the government to amend the Privacy ACT. The Privacy Act There has been a slow legal argument against cyber stalking and any progress towards a national approach to cyber stalking has been met with a lack of knowledge and understanding by : 1. Australian Police 2. Federal Police 3. Dept Communities(Docs,DISH) 4. Judiciousness,Prosecutors) 5. Legal (lawyers,Barristers,legal aid) 6. Community Support Groups Most computerized Stalking has caused the Australia Government to closely monitor the Privacy ACT (1988) to be able to make amendments to the Act that currently seem to be inadequate in protecting a community, that appears to know they are being criminally attacked but lack the ability to be able to control it through contacting the police or other government agents such as the Police, the Federal Police or other Government Agencies. Because the Privacy Law are very compelled it is unclear to he average Police Officer trained to protect a community through various forms of strategies to keep up with technology that changes daily. A good example would be that you have a couple hours spare in a day or night and you sign up to Backbone to share stories or communicate with your friends and family and because you are new to social networking you are advised to network with groups that interest you and a friend of a friend asks to Joins your network and you believe because you being security minded and dont want to expose yourself to anybody you check the person UT you are about to friend, as soon as you click connect that person you have be friend has downloaded every single picture from your photo albums because you neglected to make them private or you Just did not understand how to use the settings, within the hour of Joining your new friend has also obtained the names of your children your brothers and sisters and even the names of you best friends. You life proud of your life, you have never been involved with any crime or have been affected by crime that you have not even heard about because you cannot understand why anyone would want to steal your childrens pictures or contact your est. friend to tell them you are a bad parent, you know that you are being stalked but you are not sure what to do about it Your friends family and even strangers have witnessed that someone is stalking you and has been sent threats or undue attention being told you have been rude or abusive to attract the attention and you feel helpless and you approach the police with the appropriate paper work , the police will take a quick look and unless there are pornographic images or death threats will tell you to block this person from your friends list even though you know who it is here they live and their contact details, they send you away with taking no action, what the police have done is what the Stalker has predicted and then repeats the abuse agai n and again until you take the law into your own hands because the police are not interested , in reality they are not trained, they have better things to do, they may be advise you to take civil action but it can be proved that civil action is not going to stop a stalker or cyber bully because the crime being committed . Law Enforcement the First Step The Law Police officers are trained under become very confusing and unclear cause of consistent changing of technology then becomes UN reliable to police. Though we do have the ability to interpolate remedy we still have yet to change the Privacy Act surrounding internet Stalking and Cyber Bullying. Police Nationally approach any kind of Internet Stalking with skepticism due to not really knowing if a crime has been committed and rather approach the crime with a warning rather than with an investigation, despite a national call to increase a action to internet crimes little has been advanced to protect families. Stalking was first legislated against in Australia in the mid-asses. While much previous research has investigated the psychological characteristics of offenders, and the impact of stalking upon victims, relatively little research has examined police and court practices in dealing with thisnew crime (Dry Emma Gillie 2000) The Act: What Needs Changing (Middleton Brock, 2013) l lost my home, I lost my identity and had to have my name changed. Nanette told viewers to the BBC Insight programmer when she openly told of her desperate attempts to have the police investigate a man that was stalking her. Privacy Laws do need to be reviewed and government agencies like the police do need to be trained in how to apply them to crimes like Stalking or online Cyber Bullying. Appropriately when a mother or Father observes a stranger observing their daughter or son on a social network internet site and sending threatening or abusive messages you would assume that it would be a crime and that the police being the first point of contact would act for the safety of the child, it is a common believed thought process that there is a danger we are told that the person could be grooming our children contact the Police. Unfortunately Police are neither trained or are they allowed to investigate the thousands of complaints reported daily that has seen parents believe they are being ignored by a crime that is dangerous on the outset and more than likely the first crime ever to affect their inner family boundaries, and a father must protect the family at all costs despite the negative deter the danger away from the family. The Failure of a investigation has seen the online stalking / Cyber Bullying crimes exacerbated into a more serious crimes where parents have taken the Law into their own hands, a good example of this was the cent Logan Racial war where Logan City Police did not investigate the crime of a brick being thrown through a car window and the residents feared for their safety took the law into their own hands. The same aspect of fear is causing select members of our community to become victims or a lack of policing and a lack of community support simply because we do not know how to address online stalking and Cyber Bullying or online Scams. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011) In 2010-11, 6. 2 million households had broadband internet access, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). This statistic is a guide only and a indicator that every day more Australians become communicative on the internet and use social networking websites to: 1. Communicate with Family 2. View News Currents Affairs 3. Homework 4. Research 5. Make New Friends 6. Pay Bills 7. Shopping These are Just a small example of how anybody in our community could use the internet to communicate that offers a feedback and that is where a difference of opinion or a direct way that a internet user can be picked out by an experienced online cyber bully who acts only to cause harm and fear within a environment of Cyber Space or to confuse a victim into handing over money. Every day in Every City of Australia including small country towns a Judge is faced with a civil action where the complaint was made on a social networking internet site such as Backbone or You Tube. Mostly every complaint was ignored by the Police except to deliver the summons to appear in the Magistrates Court, It costs Just $90. 00 to bring an action in the Magistrates Court but in reality it costs about $2000 or more per attendance to address an issue that usually was caused by an experienced internet user that has seed the court system in a civil way to Justify their stalking or cyber bullying, increasingly most online social networking criminals suffer a serious mental illness and rely on a disability pension to support their day to day activities . Even though a cyber bully may have had hundreds of criminal complaints made against them police do not act because their training is insufficient and untested, even some police are affected by Cyber Bullying and can do little to stop the threats Australians Can Stop Stalking and Cyber Bullying With the correct lobbying and awareness strategies a community can focus on the robber of what internet Stalking is, what Cyber Bullying, is and to ensure all Police and Government Agencies are trained as part of their induction into being a Police Officer to identify online Stalking and the related Crimes, to treat Cyber Crime as a serious crime, to offer support services as well as remedy be it by investigating the crime or referring it to the appropriate investigative agency. (Laptop. Smartened. Tablet, 2013) In order to use many online services like Google, of that service. But how many times have you actually read these terms and conditions and do you really know what you are agreeing to? When We care Enough we will Change the LaW'(Pete Geary. 013) lobby a community to change the Law and the Law will be changed, Australians have been busy learning how to use the internet and to learn ways they can best utilities the internet into their everyday lives and internet security is a subject most Australian Households would be very keen to act upon , keeping up is an effort and understanding the technology makes it difficult to make a positive arrangement in how they will use the internet and what precautions they may take to understand their security and how they are meant to be used, sadly e dont yet have community services that can sit beside us and tell us if we are doing the right processes needing to keep us or our family safe but we can be assure that soon there will be virtual security guards protecting us from the criminals ready to destroy our bonds, our safety and our feeling of well being. The very same attitude is related to our Laws as we do not have a confident Law in place that provides us with protection from Cyber Bullys/ Stalkers, Cameras and more, You cannot safely post pictures to your family social networking site without any photographed or scammed from retrieving it to put to their own use. To change the law we need to lobby our concerns to our political representative who shall carry our concerns to the law makers, who will promote the research needed to remedy ways we can train and retrain law enforcement and community support groups to deal with the after affects of online stalking cyber bullying and or infringements such as slander defamation and trademark copy write infringements The crime is Stalking, Cyber Bullying a data base can be set up to identify serial complaints from a national Data base, including a international data base which can be accessed by Police by a simple internet search and if the offender is known to police then a investigation should take place to ensure that the complainant is taken seriously and that their fear is dealt with, the serial stalker must be identified and charged to bring it to the attention of law enforcement and community support groups, Legal Aid should be available to cases where stalking and cyber bullying has affected a persons ability to represent themselves in situations where stalking and cyber bullying has caused civil action due to the non-investigations of crimes that were committed .